Karin Goeke und ihr Schicksal (
www.glio.de) ist "uns", die wir uns schon ein Weilchen mit dem Thema beschäftigen, sehr vertraut. Ich habe bei meinen Links zu privaten Homepages auch einen zu ihrer Seite gesetzt.
Zu dieser Pilz-Geschichte wird dann auf diese Seite verwiesen:
http://members.rediff.com/businesstar/abm.htmDas ist aber eher Marketing als wissenschaftliche Information.
Über die Wirkung bei Hirntumoren habe ich noch nichts gefunden, ganz allgemein soll der Pilz das Immunsystem stärken.
Hier gibt es weitere Informationen:
http://lehre.systbot.uni-tuebingen.de/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=10&page=1--
Hier gibt es Informationen vom Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (einer vertrauenswürdigen Informationsquelle)
http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/11571.cfm?RecordID=739&tab=HCHEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION
CLINICAL SUMMARY
Agaricus blazei is an edible mushroom native to Brazil and cultivated in Japan for its medicinal uses. It has been used to treat arteriosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis, and cancer. In vitro experiments and studies done in mice have shown that Agaricus has immunomodulatory, antitumor, and antimutagenic properties. The polysaccharides and anti-angiogenic compounds present in Agaricus are thought to be responsible for its antitumor properties. Such effects are thought to be exerted by immunopotentiation or direct inhibition of angiogenesis (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6). A recent randomized study showed that oral administration of Agaricus extract improved the natural killer cell activity and quality of life in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (7). However, more studies are needed to confirm these observations. There are limited data from in vitro and animal studies suggesting that Agaricus also has antidiabetic effect (10) (11). Due to its immunopotentiating effects, Agaricus can potentially interfere with immunomodulating drugs althought such interactions have not been studied.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Agaricus blazei Murrill
ALSO KNOWN AS
Himematsutake, Agarikusutake, Kawarihiratake, Cogumelo do Sol, Sun mushroom
FOOD SOURCES
Agaricus is an edible fungus. It is available as freeze-dried mushrooms or as concentrated liquid extracts, teas, or capsules. The whole mushroom is often added to soups, sauces, or hot teas.
PURPORTED USES
• Arteriosclerosis
• Cancer treatment
• Diabetes
• Hepatitis
• Hyperlipidemia
• Stimulant
CONSTITUENTS
Polysaccharides: ?-1, 6-D-glucan
Sterols: Ergosterol
Linoleic acid
Lipids
Anti-angiogenic compounds: Sodium pyroglutamate (A-1) and A-2
(1) (2)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
A major constituent of Agaricus, ergosterol, was found to inhibit tumor growth in mice via direct inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis (2). Other studies demonstrated that polysaccharides present in Agaricus extract caused activation of macrophages (6) or natural killer cells (8) and induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in tumor-bearing mice. Both aqueous and organic extracts of Agaricus offered protection to cells exposed to methyl methanesulphonate, a mutagenic agent. The stimulus produced by linoleic acid on ? DNA polymerase, an enzyme involved in repair mechanism following exposure of DNA to alkylating agents, is thought responsible for such an effect (9).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hypersensitivity to Agaricus.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
No adverse effects have been reported.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Because Agaricus extract activates the immune system, it may interfere with certain drugs that modulate the immune system.
LITERATURE SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE
Ahn W.-S, et al. Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murrill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14:589-594.
In this study 100 patients with cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers were treated with either carboplatin plus VP16 (etoposide), or carboplatin plus taxol every three weeks for at least three cycles. They were randomized to receive oral Agaricus extract (three packs per day, one pack each time) or placebo along with the treatments. Blood samples were drawn one day before first chemotherapy and one day before second chemotherapy. Researchers found that the Agaricus group had a significantly higher natural killer cell activity compared to those on placebo. In addition there was improvement in chemotherapy associated side effects such as emotional instability, alopecia, general weakness, and decrease in appetite. However, there was no difference in lymphokine-activated killer and monocyte activities between the two groups. Further studies are required to confirm these observations.
REFERENCES
(1) Kimura Y, et al. Isolation of an anti-angiogenic substance from Agaricus blazei Murill: its antitumor and antimetastatic actions. Cancer Sci 2004; 95(9):758-764.
(2) Takaku T, Kimura Y, Okuda H. Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its mechanism of action. J Nutr 2001; 131(5):1409-1413.
(3) Lee YL, et al. Oral administration of Agaricus blazei (H1 strain) inhibited tumor growth in a sarcoma 180 inoculation model. Exp Anim 2003; 52(5):371-375.
(4) Itoh H, et al. Inhibitory action of a (1-->6)-beta-D-glucan-protein complex (F III-2-b) isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill ("himematsutake") on Meth A fibrosarcoma-bearing mice and its antitumor mechanism. Jpn J Pharmacol 1994; 66(2):265-271.
(5) Fujimiya Y, et al. Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 46(3):147-159.
(6) Mizuno M, et al. Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei stimulate lymphocyte T-cell subsets in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62(3):434-437.
(7) Ahn WS, et al. Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14(4):589-594.
(8) Takimoto H, et al. Potentiation of cytotoxic activity in naive and tumor-bearing mice by oral administration of hot-water extracts from Agaricus brazei fruiting bodies. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27(3):404-406.
(9) Luiz RC, et al. Mechanism of anticlastogenicity of Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom organic extracts in wild type CHO (K(1)) and repair deficient (xrs5) cells by chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange assays. Mutat Res 2003; 528(1-2):75-79.
(10) Gray AM, Flatt PR. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of Agaricus campestris (mushroom). J Endocrinol. 1998; 157(2):259-66.
(11) Swanston-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989; 10(2):69-73.
Written: 04/25/2005 Updated: 04/26/2005
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Hier die Zusammenfassungen von einigen der im obigen Artikel zitierten Publikationen:
Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004 Jul-Aug;14(4):589-94.
Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Ahn WS, Kim DJ, Chae GT, Lee JM, Bae SM, Sin JI, Kim YW, Namkoong SE, Lee IP.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. ahnws@catholic.ac.kr
A mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa (ABMK), has been reported to possess antimutagenic and antitumor effects. Here, we investigate the beneficial effects of ABMK consumption on immunological status and qualities of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. One hundred cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer patients were treated either with carboplatin (300 mg / m(2)) plus VP16 (etoposide, 100 mg / m(2)) or with carboplatin (300 mg / m(2)) plus taxol (175 mg / m(2)) every 3 weeks for at least three cycles with or without oral consumption of ABMK. We observed that natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in ABMK-treated group (ANOVA, n = 39, P < 0.002) as compared with nontreated placebo group (n = 61). However, no significant difference in lymphokine-activated killer and monocyte activities was observed in a manner similar to the count of specific immune cell populations between ABMK-treated and nontreated groups. However, chemotherapy-associated side effects such as appetite, alopecia, emotional stability, and general weakness were all improved by ABMK treatment. Taken together, this suggests that ABMK treatment might be beneficial for gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Cancer Sci. 2004 Sep;95(9):758-64.
Isolation of an anti-angiogenic substance from Agaricus blazei Murill: its antitumor and antimetastatic actions.Kimura Y, Kido T, Takaku T, Sumiyoshi M, Baba K.
Second Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shigenobu Station, Ehime University, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. yokim@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
We previously found that ergosterol isolated from Agaricus blazei inhibited tumor growth through the inhibition of tumor-induced neovascularization. In the present study, we isolated further anti-angiogenic substances (A-1 and A-2) from this fungus using an assay system of angiogenesis induced by Matrigel supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor, and A-1 was identified as sodium pyroglutamate. Next, we examined the antitumor and antimetastatic actions of A-1 using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice. A-1 (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth and metastasis to the lung. The reduction of the numbers of splenic lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in LLC-bearing mice was inhibited by the oral administration of A-1 (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg). Further, A-1 increased the number of apoptotic cells of tumors and the numbers of CD8+ T and natural killer cells invading the tumors, and inhibited the increase of von Willebrand factor expression (a measure of angiogenesis) in the tumors. These results suggest that the antitumor and antimetastatic actions of A-1 (sodium pyroglutamate) may be associated with inhibition of the reduction of immune response caused by the tumor growth and tumor-induced neovascularization. This is the first report showing that sodium pyroglutamate isolated from A. blazei as an anti-angiogenic substance has potent antitumor and antimetastatic actions, as well as immune-modulatory activity, in tumor-bearing mice.
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J Nutr. 2001 May;131(5):1409-13.
Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its mechanism of action.Takaku T, Kimura Y, Okuda H.
Second Department of Medical Biochemistry and. Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
The Basidiomycete fungus Agaricus blazei Murill has traditionally been used as a health food for the prevention of cancer, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and chronic hepatitis. In the present study, we examined the antitumor activities of various substances isolated from the lipid fraction of A. blazei. Tumor growth was retarded by the oral administration of the lipid fraction extracted from A. blazei with a chloroform/methanol mixture in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. The substance with the antitumor activity in the lipid fraction was isolated via silica gel column chromatography, eluted with an acetonitrile/methanol (3:2) mixture and identified as ergosterol by direct comparison of the (1)H NMR and mass spectrometry spectral data of an authentic sample. The oral administration of ergosterol to sarcoma 180-bearing mice significantly reduced tumor growth at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg administered for 20 d without side effects, such as the decreases in body, epididymal adipose tissue, thymus, and spleen weights and leukocyte numbers induced by cancer chemotherapy drugs. Ergosterol had no cytotoxicity against tumor cells. To clarify the antitumor activity of ergosterol, we examined the effects of ergosterol on tumor-induced angiogenesis using two in vivo models. Intraperitoneal administration of ergosterol at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg for 5 consecutive d inhibited the neovascularization induced by Lewis lung carcinoma cell-packed chambers, suggesting that either ergosterol or its metabolites may be involved in the inhibition of tumor-induced neovascularization. Therefore, we further examined the inhibitory effects of ergosterol on Matrigel-induced neovascularization. Female C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Matrigel containing acidic fibroblast growth factor and heparin with or without ergosterol. Ergosterol inhibited the Matrigel-induced neovascularization, suggesting that ergosterol directly inhibits Matrigel-induced neovascularization. From these results, it seems likely that the antitumor activity of ergosterol might be due to direct inhibition of angiogenesis induced by solid tumors. This is the first report of ergosterol as an antiangiogenic substance.
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Exp Anim. 2003 Oct;52(5):371-5.
Oral administration of Agaricus blazei (H1 strain) inhibited tumor growth in a sarcoma 180 inoculation model.Lee YL, Kim HJ, Lee MS, Kim JM, Han JS, Hong EK, Kwon MS, Lee MJ.
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchun, Korea.
Agaricus blazei (H1 strain) was tested for its anticancer activity using a sarcoma 180 (S180) inoculation model and the changing patterns of splenocyte subsets were examined. Its hot-water extract was administered orally to ICR and KSN nude mice that were inoculated with S180. The growth of S180 was significantly inhibited in A.blazei treated groups. Pan T cells significantly increased in all treated groups compared to controls, even in KSN nude mice. Splenocyte subset changes were slightly different between ICR and KSN nude mice. This S180 inoculation model proved to be effective in screening the antitumor effect of basidiomycetes and allowed comparisons of immunological cellular changes between the mouse strains.
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Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1998 May;46(3):147-59.
Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis.Fujimiya Y, Suzuki Y, Oshiman K, Kobori H, Moriguchi K, Nakashima H, Matumoto Y, Takahara S, Ebina T, Katakura R.
Division of Immunology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.
We have isolated a novel type of natural tumoricidal product from the basidiomycete strain, Agaricus blazei Murill. Using the double-grafted tumor system in Balb/c mice, treatment of the primary tumor with an acid-treated fraction (ATF) obtained from the fruit bodies resulted in infiltration of the distant tumor by natural killer (NK) cells with marked tumoricidal activity. As shown by electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation assay, the ATF also directly inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro by inducing apoptotic processing; this apoptotic effect was also demonstrated by increased expression of the Apo2.7 antigen on the mitochondrial membranes of tumor cells, as shown by flow-cytometric analysis. The ATF had no effect on normal mouse splenic or interleukin-2-treated splenic mononuclear cells, indicating that it is selectively cytotoxic for the tumor cells. Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that ATF induced the loss of S phase in MethA tumor cells, but did not affect normal splenic mononuclear cells, which were mainly in the G0G1 phase. Various chromatofocussing purification steps and NMR analysis showed the tumoricidal activity to be chiefly present in fractions containing (1-->4)-alpha-D-glucan and (1-->6)-beta-D-glucan, present in a ratio of approximately 1:2 in the ATF (molecular mass 170 kDa), while the final purified fraction, HM3-G (molecular mass 380 kDa), with the highest tumoricidal activity, consisted of more than 90% glucose, the main component being (1-->4)-alpha-D-glucan with (1-->6)-beta branching, in the ratio of approximately 4:1.
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Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998 Mar;62(3):434-7.
Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei stimulate lymphocyte T-cell subsets in mice.Mizuno M, Morimoto M, Minato K, Tsuchida H.
Division of Science of Biological Resources, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan.
Subset analysis of splenic lymphocytes using flow cytometry showed that the percentages of Thy1.2-(pan T-cells), L3T4-(CD4, helper T-cells), and Lyt2-(CD8, cytotoxic T-cells) positive cell populations were significantly increased in mice orally administered a hot water-soluble fraction from Agaricus blazei as compared with mice treated only with saline. 13C-NMR data indicates that the main component in the active polysaccharide is the complex of alpha-1,6- and alpha-1,4-glucan, which had already been shown to have anti-tumor activity against Sarcoma 180. It seems that the polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei may be an effective prophylactic, protecting humans against cancer by stimulating lymphocytes such as cytotoxic T-cells.
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Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004 Jul-Aug;14(4):589-94.
Natural killer cell activity and quality of life were improved by consumption of a mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa, in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Ahn WS, Kim DJ, Chae GT, Lee JM, Bae SM, Sin JI, Kim YW, Namkoong SE, Lee IP.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. ahnws@catholic.ac.kr
A mushroom extract, Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa (ABMK), has been reported to possess antimutagenic and antitumor effects. Here, we investigate the beneficial effects of ABMK consumption on immunological status and qualities of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. One hundred cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer patients were treated either with carboplatin (300 mg / m(2)) plus VP16 (etoposide, 100 mg / m(2)) or with carboplatin (300 mg / m(2)) plus taxol (175 mg / m(2)) every 3 weeks for at least three cycles with or without oral consumption of ABMK. We observed that natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in ABMK-treated group (ANOVA, n = 39, P < 0.002) as compared with nontreated placebo group (n = 61). However, no significant difference in lymphokine-activated killer and monocyte activities was observed in a manner similar to the count of specific immune cell populations between ABMK-treated and nontreated groups. However, chemotherapy-associated side effects such as appetite, alopecia, emotional stability, and general weakness were all improved by ABMK treatment. Taken together, this suggests that ABMK treatment might be beneficial for gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
