Wenn Du wissen willst, was Frau Fulda zu diesem Thema publiziert hast, dann gibt bei
PubMed in die Suchmaske >Fulda S< (aber ohne die >Anführungszeichen<) ein. Da gibt's schon einiges.
Und nachfolgend einige Artikel, die ich heute mit dem Suchalgorithmus >betulinic acid brain tumor< ebenfalls in PubMed gesucht (und gefunden) habe. Der letzte Artikel ist von Frau Fulda.
Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004 Jul;146(7):721-9. Epub 2004 May 21
Cell death induction by betulinic acid, ceramide and TRAIL in primary glioblastoma multiforme cells.Jeremias I, Steiner HH, Benner A, Debatin KM, Herold-Mende C.
Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Munich, Germany.
Background. Glioblastoma multiforme (WHO Grade IV, GBM) is the most malignant brain tumour with a mean survival time of less than one year. Betulinic acid, ceramide and TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) represent novel therapeutic agents for potential use in GBM. Method. Primary GBM cells of 21 patients with macroscopically complete tumour resection were tested in vitro for cell death induction by betulinic acid, ceramide, TRAIL and established therapeutics (BCNU, cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristin and gamma-irradiation).
Findings. At peak plasma concentrations (PPC), Betulinic acid, ceramide and TRAIL induced cell death in primary GBM cells at higher rates than established cytotoxic drugs. Specific cell death >/=75% was observed in 43% (9/21), 38% (8/21), and 19% (4/21) for betulinic acid, ceramide, and TRAIL respectively, while this was only found in 5% (1/21) of gamma-irradiated and cisplatin-treated cells, and in none of the GBM cultures, where BCNU or vincristin were applied in PPC.
Conclusion. Due to a markedly improved cell death of GBM cells as compared with established therapeutics, Betulinic acid, ceramide and TRAIL might represent potent substances for future treatment of GBM.
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Med Res Rev. 2004 Jan;24(1):90-114.
Chemistry, biological activity, and chemotherapeutic potential of betulinic acid for the prevention and treatment of cancer and HIV infection.Cichewicz RH, Kouzi SA.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
3beta-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (betulinic acid) is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene that is widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. A variety of biological activities have been ascribed to betulinic acid including anti-inflammatory and in vitro antimalarial effects. However, betulinic acid is most highly regarded for its anti-HIV-1 activity and specific cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cell lines. Interest in developing even more potent anti-HIV agents based on betulinic acid has led to the discovery of a host of highly active derivatives exhibiting greater potencies and better therapeutic indices than some current clinical anti-HIV agents. While its mechanism of action has not been fully determined, it has been shown that some betulinic acid analogs disrupt viral fusion to the cell in a post-binding step through interaction with the viral glycoprotein gp41 whereas others disrupt assembly and budding of the HIV-1 virus. With regard to its anticancer properties, betulinic acid was previously reported to exhibit selective cytotoxicity against several melanoma-derived cell lines. However, more recent work has demonstrated that betulinic acid is cytotoxic against other non-melanoma (neuroectodermal and malignant brain tumor) human tumor varieties. Betulinic acid appears to function by means of inducing apoptosis in cells irrespective of their p53 status. Because of its selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells and favorable therapeutic index, even at doses up to 500 mg/kg body weight, betulinic acid is a very promising new chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of HIV infection and cancer.
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Cancer Lett. 2002 Jan 10;175(1):17-25.
Selective cytotoxicity of betulinic acid on tumor cell lines, but not on normal cells.Zuco V, Supino R, Righetti SC, Cleris L, Marchesi E, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Formelli F.
Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
Betulinic acid is a triterpene with selective cytotoxicity against melanoma, neuroectodermal and malignant brain tumor cell lines. In this study the betulinic acid activity was evaluated, in comparison with doxorubicin, on different human neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell lines and on proliferating normal lymphocytes. Growth inhibition was evident in all the neoplastic cell lines independently on p53 status and histotype. Antiproliferative activity of betulinic acid was related to a cytotoxic effect on two p53 wild-type and on one p53 mutant cell lines and to a cytostatic effect on one p53 mutant melanoma clone. At the same concentrations, normal cells were unaffected indicating a selective effect of this agent. A cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin was evident on all the tested systems. In vivo experiments, performed on one of these cell lines, confirmed the antineoplastic activity of this drug. These data support further preclinical studies of betulinic acid not confined to melanoma and neuroectodermal tumors independently of p53 status.
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Int J Cancer. 1999 Jul 30;82(3):435-41.
Betulinic acid: a new cytotoxic agent against malignant brain-tumor cells.Fulda S, Jeremias I, Steiner HH, Pietsch T, Debatin KM.
University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
Malignant brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. The overall prognosis for this group of patients is still poor, emphasizing the importance of more effective therapies. Betulinic acid (Bet A) has been described as a novel cytotoxic compound active against melanoma and neuroblastoma cells. Here we report that Bet A was active against medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines. In addition, Bet A exerted cytotoxic activity against primary tumor cells cultured from patients in 4 of 4 medulloblastoma-tumor samples tested and in 20 of 24 glioblastoma-tumor samples. Since a small percentage of primary-glioblastoma-tumor cells (4/24) did not respond to Bet-A treatment, resistance to Bet A might occur. Induction of apoptosis by Bet A involved mitochondrial perturbations, since inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by the mitochondrion-specific inhibitor bongkrekic acid (BA) reduced Bet-A-induced apoptosis. In addition, mitochondria undergoing Bet-A-induced permeability transition triggered DNA fragmentation in isolated nuclei. Cytochrome c was released from mitochondria of Bet-A-treated cells, and might be involved in activation of caspases. Following treatment with Bet A, caspase-8, caspase-3 and PARP were proteolytically processed. Inhibition of caspase cleavage by the broad-range caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk strongly reduced Bet-A-induced apoptosis, indicating that apoptosis was mediated by activation of caspases. Since Bet A did not exhibit cytotoxicity against murine neuronal cells in vitro, these findings suggest that Bet A may be a promising new agent for the treatment of medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cells that clearly warrants further pre-clinical and clinical evaluation.